Hack Your Way to Success: 2025 Ethical Hacking Essentials Challenge – Level Up Your Skills!

The technique that increases spectral efficiency in 4G and 5G wireless communications while also reducing interference is MIMO-OFDM. MIMO, which stands for Multiple Input Multiple Output, utilizes multiple antennas at both the transmitter and receiver ends to improve communication performance. This approach enables the simultaneous transmission of multiple data streams, effectively utilizing the available bandwidth and increasing throughput.

Combined with OFDM, or Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing, MIMO enhances the ability to transmit data across multiple channels without interference. OFDM works by dividing the data into smaller sub-carriers that are transmitted simultaneously, allowing for more robust signal transmission among users. The orthogonality of the sub-carriers minimizes the chances of cross-talk, thus further reducing interference and enhancing spectral efficiency.

In contrast, other methods such as FDM, TDM, and CDMA do not provide the same level of enhancement in spectral efficiency and interference reduction as MIMO-OFDM does. FDM divides the frequency spectrum into separate channels, which can lead to wasted bandwidth if channels are not optimally utilized. TDM allocates time slots for transmission, which can be less efficient when managing multiple data streams in high-demand scenarios. CDMA spreads the signal across a broader spectrum, but